Statement on Monetary Policy – February 2015 Box C: The Effects of the Fall in Oil Prices
Oil prices have fallen significantly over the past six months. Since the August Statement, the Brent crude oil price has fallen by more than 50 per cent to be a bit above US$50 per barrel (Graph C1). The price decline largely reflects the strength of supply, most notably an increase in the production of ‘unconventional’ oil from the United States and Canada and resilient supply from OPEC. More recently, some softening in the outlook for growth of global demand for oil is also likely to have contributed. The decline in price has been a little less in Australian dollar terms given that the Australian dollar has depreciated against the US dollar over the period. Prices of other energy commodities have also declined significantly. In the case of thermal coal, the decline in prices preceded that of oil and has mainly been the result of rapidly rising coal production over recent years; for other energy commodities, such as liquefied natural gas (LNG), prices have been moving in response to the oil price.
Impact on the Global Economy
A fall in the oil price as a result of an increase in oil supply is expected to increase global growth overall, as would be expected for any positive supply shock. Recent estimates from the International Monetary Fund suggest that the increase in global growth from the recent fall is likely to be substantial.[1] However, the effects of a decline in the price of oil vary across economies, largely as a result of differences in the patterns of trade in oil-related products and in the oil intensity of production. For net importers of oil, which account for a significantly larger share of global GDP than net exporters, a falling oil price is expected to lead to an increase in the terms of trade, an increase in the purchasing power of households and lower input costs for businesses.[2] For net exporters of oil, the terms of trade are likely to decline, although this will be offset to a greater or lesser degree by the effects on household purchasing power and lower input costs for businesses. More generally, to the extent that the prices of other energy commodities move with oil prices, these effects will depend on whether economies are net importers or exporters of energy.
The majority of Australia's major trading partners are likely to benefit substantially from lower oil prices because they are net oil (and net energy) importers (Table C1). Lower input costs are likely to boost output and lower manufactured export prices in many of our trading partners, including China, which uses energy relatively intensively in production.
Impact on the Australian Economy
The decline in oil prices is expected to have a positive effect on overall growth of the Australian economy. As a net importer of oil, a falling oil price would be expected to lead to an increase in Australia's terms of trade and in the purchasing power of national income (Table C2). This is expected to be offset to some extent by falling prices for LNG, which are linked to the oil price, albeit with a lag. This offsetting effect is small in the near term but is expected to grow as Australian LNG exports increase in importance. The prices for some other energy exports, such as thermal coal, do not appear to be moving as closely with oil prices as they have in previous episodes, suggesting that this potential linkage is not likely to lead to a further decline in Australia's terms of trade.
Although the oil intensity of production has been declining in Australia for many decades (and in most other advanced economies), oil is still an important input into the production of many goods and services, particularly in industries such as mining, transportation and some parts of manufacturing; lower oil prices will lead to lower costs of production in these industries. Oil is also an important part of the household sector's consumption basket. Petrol prices have fallen by around 30 per cent since July 2014, which suggests that most of the price decline has been passed through to final prices (given that oil accounts for around 50 per cent of the final price of fuel). Assuming no change in the quantity of fuel consumed, the fall in the price of petrol and other automotive fuel is estimated to have increased real household disposable income by ¼ per cent over the six months to the December quarter, and is expected to increase real income by a further ½ per cent in the March quarter. These effects will be partly offset by the loss of income to Australian residents from the lower prices received for production of energy products.
Other effects on income and output are likely to be small at this stage. The fall in the oil price is expected to reduce oil and gas exploration activity, although this accounts for less than 2 per cent of total investment activity. Recent company announcements have also identified the potential for sizeable cuts to capital expenditure by oil and gas producers, although the spending on large-scale LNG projects already underway is likely to continue largely as planned. Any effects on the consolidated fiscal balance are also likely to be relatively minor because the fuel excise is based on the quantity of petrol sold rather than its value, and revenue from oil and LNG production is currently a small share of total revenue. Moreover, this is likely to be offset to some extent by revenue from higher profits made by businesses that use oil as an input into production. The effects on the consolidated fiscal balance, however, are expected to be larger in the future as LNG production ramps up.
The main effect on inflation of the decline in the oil price will occur through reductions in the price of automotive fuel. Automotive fuel's weight in the CPI basket is around 3½ per cent, so the decline in its price has reduced headline CPI inflation by around ¼ percentage point over the six months to the December quarter, and is likely to subtract another ½ percentage point from inflation in the March quarter based on current oil prices.
In addition, changes in oil prices may have an indirect effect on a broader range of consumer prices through their effects on the cost of production. The size and timing of these indirect effects are difficult to determine. Input-output tables suggest that oil accounts for between 2 and 3 per cent of the prices of non-fuel items in the CPI, which implies that the indirect effect on the level of the CPI of the recent oil price movements could be as large as 1 per cent if it was fully passed through to all of these prices. In practice, however, movements in oil prices are partly absorbed into margins and any pass-through tends to occur over a very long period. Working in the other direction, the boost to real incomes will tend to increase aggregate demand and place upward pressure on prices. Partly because of these issues, econometric estimates of the effect of oil on measures of underlying inflation have been found to be quite imprecise.[3]
Footnotes
See Arezki R and O Blanchard (2014), ‘Seven Questions about the Recent Oil Price Slump’, iMFdirect, 22 December. Available at <http://blog-imfdirect.imf.org/2014/12/22/seven-questions-about-the-recent-oil-price-slump/>. [1]
In 2010, 75 per cent of the world's countries were net oil importers, and they made up 80 per cent of world GDP. [2]
See Norman D and A Richards (2010), ‘Modelling Inflation in Australia’, RBA Research Discussion Paper No 2010-03. [3]